60 research outputs found

    Synergy Modelling and Financial Valuation : the contribution of Fuzzy Integrals.

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    Les mĂ©thodes d’évaluation financiĂšre utilisent des opĂ©rateurs d’agrĂ©gation reposant sur les propriĂ©tĂ©s d’additivitĂ© (sommations, intĂ©grales de Lebesgue). De ce fait, elles occultent les phĂ©nomĂšnes de renforcement et de synergie (ou de redondance) qui peuvent exister entre les Ă©lĂ©ments d’un ensemble organisĂ©. C’est particuliĂšrement le cas en ce qui concerne le problĂšme d’évaluation financiĂšre du patrimoine d’une entreprise : en effet, en pratique, il est souvent mis en Ă©vidence une importante diffĂ©rence de valorisation entre l’approche « valeur de la somme des Ă©lĂ©ments » (privilĂ©giant le point de vue financier) et l’approche « somme de la valeur des diffĂ©rents Ă©lĂ©ments » (privilĂ©giant le point de vue comptable). Les possibilitĂ©s offertes par des opĂ©rateurs d’agrĂ©gation comme les intĂ©grales floues (Sugeno, Grabisch, Choquet) permettent, au plan thĂ©orique, de modĂ©liser l’effet de synergie. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude se propose de valider empiriquement les modalitĂ©s d’implĂ©mentation opĂ©rationnelle de ce modĂšle Ă  partir d’un Ă©chantillon d’entreprises cotĂ©es ayant fait l’objet d’une Ă©valuation lors d’une OPA.Financial valuation methods use additive aggregation operators. But a patrimony should be regarded as an organized set, and additivity makes it impossible for these aggregation operators to formalize such phenomena as synergy or mutual inhibition between the patrimony’s components. This paper considers the application of fuzzy measure and fuzzy integrals (Sugeno, Grabisch, Choquet) to financial valuation. More specifically, we show how integration with respect to a non additive measure can be used to handle positive or negative synergy in value construction.Fuzzy measure; Fuzzy integral; Aggregation operator; Synergy; Financial valuation;

    Intangibles mismeasurements, synergy, and accounting numbers : a note.

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    For the last two decades, authors (e.g. Ohlson, 1995; Lev, 2000, 2001) have regularly pointed out the enforcement of limitations by traditional accounting frameworks on financial reporting informativeness. Consistent with this claim, it has been then argued that accounting finds one of its major limits in not allowing for direct recognition of synergy occurring amongst the firm intangible and tangible items (Casta, 1994; Casta & Lesage, 2001). Although the firm synergy phenomenon has been widely documented in the recent accounting literature (see for instance, Hand & Lev, 2004; Lev, 2001) research hitherto has failed to provide a clear approach to assess directly and account for such a henceforth fundamental corporate factor. The objective of this paper is to raise and examine, but not address exhaustively, the specific issues induced by modelling the synergy occurring amongst the firm assets whilst pointing out the limits of traditional accounting valuation tools. Since financial accounting valuation methods are mostly based on the mathematical property of additivity, and consequently may occult the perspective of regarding the firm as an organized set of assets, we propose an alternative valuation approach based on non-additive measures issued from the Choquet's (1953) and Sugeno's (1997) framework. More precisely, we show how this integration technique with respect to a non-additive measure can be used to cope with either positive or negative synergy in a firm value-building process and then discuss its potential future implications for financial reporting.Financial reporting; accounting goodwill; assets synergy; non-additive measures; Choquet’s framework;

    Intangible investments & accounting numbers : usefulness, informativeness, and relevance on the European stock markets.

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    This study investigates whether European domestic GAAPs used for intangibles recognition prior to the IFRS adoption exhibit major differences while examining the relationship between a firm's economic (financial, operating and competitive) performance and its recognized intangible investment (RII). Using a five-European-country sample over the pre-IFRS compliance period 1993-2004, we first provide evidence that, independently of the intangibles accounting recognition practices, investors adopt a short-term perspective or "myopic view" while constructing their portfolios by penalizing firms with high RII. Secondly, contrary to the resource-based view, our results suggest that RII do not underpin under any accounting treatment better competitive position inside a specific industry. Finally, our findings clearly support the idea that EU continental accounting standards, while opposed to Anglo-Saxon settings, ease the relationship existing between RII and firm operating performance. This last result would suggest that IFRS adoption could lead to disconnect operating margins from RII and subsequently challenge the widespread claim that IFRS help produce higher-quality reporting about a firm's operating activities.R&D; Intangible investments; accounting numbers; informativeness; usefulness; value-relevance;

    Value relevance of comprehensive income and its components: Evidence from major European capital markets.

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    This study investigates the extent to which three key summary accounting income figures, namely operating income, net income and comprehensive income, provide value-relevant information to investors in Germany, France, Italy, Spain and the UK. Using a large sample over the pre-IAS-compliance period 1992-2004, we find that all these three accounting income measures are statistically associated with share returns in any of the countries under analysis although our results show some disparities in the degree of ‘usefulness’ across country samples. Our main results are then threefold. We first provide evidence that comprehensive income is less value-relevant than both the bottom-line and operating income figures in all the sample countries. Second, our results show that aggregate other comprehensive income (or dirty surplus flow) is value-relevant and provides incremental price-relevant information beyond net income in most of the sample countries. This finding is rather different from the existing literature based in the US and UK that suggests other comprehensive income is generally not value-relevant especially when it is not separately disclosed in financial statements. Finally, we find that increased transparency on reporting other comprehensive income in financial statements as required by the UK (FRS3) and US (SFAS130) accounting standards may have warranted a stronger statistical association between firm share returns and comprehensive income. This last finding therefore strongly supports the ideology underlying the IASB/FASB joint project on ‘Performance Reporting’, and also provides evidence supporting Beaver’s (1981) and Hirst and Hopkins’ (1998) psychology-based financial reporting theory.performance reporting; other comprehensive income; comprehensive income; Value-relevance;

    Investissement en capital immatériel et utilité de l'information comptable : étude comparative sur les marchés financiers britanniques, espagnols et français

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    Motivated by the recent works by Lev [2001b ; 2004] and the current debate surrounding the international financial reporting standard n°38 (i.e. IAS 38) adoption related to reported intangible investment issues, this study investigates whether European firms using national generally accounting principles (hereafter, GAAP) exhibit differences while considering the relationship between firm performance and reported intangible investment. Using a four-representative-European-country (i.e. France, Germany, Spain and U.K.) dynamic data panel, we investigate whether intangible accounting numbers in these different settings can be significantly linked, during the period 1993-2003, to the following firm performance triptych: financial, operational and competitive performance. Our findings bring us towards the following three concerns: (1) Firstly, in any stock market under scope, we do find clear evidence that while constructing their investment portfolios investors adopt a short-term perspective or "myopic view" by precluding firms from reporting high intangible investment in their financial statements. (2) Secondly, we do not find any evidence that reported intangible investments regardless the national GAAPs underpin a better competitive position inside a specific market. We conclude that relationship between reported intangibles and the firms' competitive advantage (or disadvantage) should not be held constant in future research designs. (3) Finally, our results clearly support the idea that Latin accounting frameworks, while opposed to Anglo-Saxon settings, ease the relationship recognition occurring between intangibles and the firm operational performance. This last result would suggest that IAS implementation could lead to disconnect progressively operational margins from reported intangibles as their valuations are, under IFRS, overall market-orientedMotivée par les récents travaux de Lev [2001b ; 2004] et les débats actuels de l'IASB portant sur la traduction comptable de l'investissement immatériel (IIM), cette étude empirique pose la question de l'utilité de l'information comptable face à de tels investissements. Sur la base d'un échantillon d'entreprises issues de quatre marchés financiers de la zone euro (Grande-Bretagne, Allemagne, France et Espagne) nous nous proposons (1) de quantifier les liens existant entre l'information comptable en matiÚre d'IIM et les performances économique et concurrentielle, et (2) d'appréhender la perception de ces informations par les marchés financiers sur la période 1993-2003. Nos résultats indiquent que : (1) quelque soit le marché financier étudié les investisseurs semblent adopter une vision "myopique" dans le processus de construction de leur portefeuille, en pénalisant, sur le court terme, les entreprises reportant des IIMs élevés dans leurs états financiers ; (2) l'IIM semble faiblement relié au positionnement concurrentiel des entreprises. (3) Par ailleurs, les référentiels " latins ", par opposition au référentiel anglo-saxon permettraient de relier la performance économique aux éléments immatériels, générateurs de diminution de coûts d'exploitation. Ce dernier résultat suggérerait que l'application des normes internationales au plan européen pourrait entraßner une déconnexion progressive entre la mesure comptable des marges opérationnelles et la reconnaissance des immatériels dont l'évaluation, en référentiel IFRS, est plus orientée vers les marchés financiers

    Vingt ans d'audit : De la révision des comptes aux activités multiservices.

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    Les objectifs et le champ d'investigation des missions d'audit ont connu une extension considĂ©rable au cours des trois derniĂšres cĂ©cennies. L'internationalisation a imposĂ© aux grandes entreprises le recours Ă  des audits Ă©manant de signatures internationalement reconnues. Elle est Ă  l'origine d'importants mouvements de restructuration. Les grands cabinets, initialement focalisĂ©s sur une mission d'opinion, ont progressivement dĂ©veloppĂ© des activitĂ©s de conseil, crĂ©ant des structures multiprofessionnelles de services associĂ©s Ă  l'audit. Dans le mĂȘme temps, l'audit est devenu objet d'enseignement et de recherche.The objectives and scope of audit assignments, have expanded considerably over the past three decades. Globalization has compelled companies to resort to internationally recognised audit certification. This results in extensive restructuring. The marjor audit firms, wich were initially focused on providing an opinion, have progressively developed consulting operations, thus creating multi-professionnal service entities associated to auditing. In the same time, auditing has become the subject to both education and research.Consulting; MarchĂ© de l'audit; Commissariat aux comptes; Audit;

    RĂ©sultat et performance financiĂšre en normes IFRS : quel est le contenu informatif du comprehensive income ?.

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    L'IASB et le FASB ont formĂ©, en 2003, un groupe de travail commun en vue de faire avancer le projet de crĂ©ation de normes de reporting de la performance financiĂšre. IntitulĂ© Ă  l'origine « Performance Reporting » et se rĂ©fĂ©rant Ă  une conception Ă©tendue du rĂ©sultat -- le comprehensive income --, ce projet pose avec acuitĂ© la question de l'utilitĂ© du concept traditionnel de « rĂ©sultat net » dans le rĂ©fĂ©rentiel international *. Le prĂ©sent article analyse la lĂ©gitimitĂ© de l'introduction du comprehensive income dans le cadre du projet Performance Reporting au regard des critĂšres de qualitĂ© de l'information Ă©dictĂ©s par l'IASB. À partir d'un Ă©chantillon d'entreprises françaises et britanniques cotĂ©es, observĂ©es sur la pĂ©riode prĂ©-IFRS (1992-2004) et post-IFRS (2005), nous examinons la value-relevance et l'utilitĂ© informationnelle de trois mesures de performance : le rĂ©sultat net, le rĂ©sultat opĂ©rationnel et le comprehensive income. Nous mettons empiriquement en Ă©vidence : (1) leur association respective avec les rendements boursiers, (2) la dominance, en variable agrĂ©gĂ©e, du rĂ©sultat net sur le comprehensive income, (3) l'information additionnelle apportĂ©e, au regard du rĂ©sultat net, par les other comprehensive income.In 2003, the IASB and the US FASB formed a Joint International Group (JIG) whose objective was to carry out a project originally untitled « Performance Reporting » establishing new international financial reporting standards for performance reporting. By envisaging the use of a comprehensive income (CI) item similar to the one reported under US GAAPs, the current debate surrounding this project is slowly deviating from its technical premises to the more fundamental issue related to accounting income usefulness. In this article, we investigate whether the focus on a CI item is legitimate regarding the IASB informational criteria. Using a dataset made of French and UK listed companies over the pre-(1993-2004) and post-(2005) IFRS compliance period, we examine the value-relevance and usefulness of three summary income measures (i.e. operating, net and comprehensive income) and bring evidence that (1) they are all associated with share return, (2) net income dominates CI at an aggregate level and (3) OCI provide incremental information beyond net income.RĂ©sultat global; Performance; Financial statements; Accounting standards; Comprehensive income; Normes comptables internationales; IFRS; RĂ©sultat net;

    INVESTISSEMENT IMMATERIEL ET UTILITE DE L'INFORMATION COMPTABLE : ETUDE EMPIRIQUE SUR LES MARCHES FINANCIERS EUROPEENS

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    MotivĂ©e par les rĂ©cents travaux de Lev [2001b ; 2004] et les dĂ©bats actuels de l'IASB portant sur la traduction comptable de l'investissement immatĂ©riel (ci-aprĂšs IIM), cette Ă©tude empirique pose la question de l'utilitĂ© de l'information comptable face Ă  de tels investissements. A l'aide d'un Ă©chantillon d'entreprises issues de quatre marchĂ©s financiers de la zone euro – Grande-Bretagne, Allemagne, France et Espagne – nous tentons (1) de quantifier les liens existant entre l'information comptable en matiĂšre d'IIM et les performances Ă©conomique et concurrentielle, et (2) d'apprĂ©hender la perception de ces informations par les marchĂ©s financiers sur la pĂ©riode 1993-2003. Nos rĂ©sultats indiquent que : (1) quelque soit le marchĂ© financier Ă©tudiĂ© les investisseurs semblent adopter une vision “myopique” dans le processus de construction de leur portefeuille, en pĂ©nalisant, sur le court terme, les entreprises reportant des IIMs Ă©levĂ©s dans leurs Ă©tats financiers ; (2) l'IIM semble faiblement reliĂ© au positionnement concurrentiel des entreprises. (3) Par ailleurs, les rĂ©fĂ©rentiels « latins », par opposition au rĂ©fĂ©rentiel anglo-saxon permettraient de relier la performance Ă©conomique aux Ă©lĂ©ments immatĂ©riels, gĂ©nĂ©rateurs de diminution de coĂ»ts d'exploitation. Ce dernier rĂ©sultat suggĂ©rerait que l'application des normes internationales au plan europĂ©en pourrait entraĂźner une dĂ©connection progressive entre la mesure comptable des marges opĂ©rationnelles et la reconnaissance des immatĂ©riels dont l'Ă©valuation, en rĂ©fĂ©rentiel IFRS, est plus orientĂ©e vers les marchĂ©s financiersCapital immatĂ©riel; utilitĂ© de l'information comptable; value-relevance;performance

    Investissement immatériel et utilité de l'information comptable: Etude empirique sur les marchés financiers européens.

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    RĂ©sumĂ©: MotivĂ©e par les rĂ©cents travaux de Lev [2001b ; 2004] et les dĂ©bats actuels de l’IASB portant sur la traduction comptable de l’investissement immatĂ©riel (ci-aprĂšs IIM), cette Ă©tude empirique pose la question de l’utilitĂ© de l’information comptable face Ă  de tels investissements. A l’aide d’un Ă©chantillon d’entreprises issues de quatre marchĂ©s financiers de la zone euro – Grande-Bretagne, Allemagne, France et Espagne – nous tentons (1) de quantifier les liens existant entre l’information comptable en matiĂšre d’IIM et les performances Ă©conomique et concurrentielle, et (2) d’apprĂ©hender la perception de ces informations par les marchĂ©s financiers sur la pĂ©riode 1993-2003. Nos rĂ©sultats indiquent que : (1) quelque soit le marchĂ© financier Ă©tudiĂ© les investisseurs semblent adopter une vision “myopique” dans le processus de construction de leur portefeuille, en pĂ©nalisant, sur le court terme, les entreprises reportant des IIMs Ă©levĂ©s dans leurs Ă©tats financiers ; (2) l’IIM semble faiblement reliĂ© au positionnement concurrentiel des entreprises. (3) Par ailleurs, les rĂ©fĂ©rentiels « latins », par opposition au rĂ©fĂ©rentiel anglo-saxon permettraient de relier la performance Ă©conomique aux Ă©lĂ©ments immatĂ©riels, gĂ©nĂ©rateurs de diminution de coĂ»ts d’exploitation. Ce dernier rĂ©sultat suggĂ©rerait que l’application des normes internationales au plan europĂ©en pourrait entraĂźner une dĂ©connection progressive entre la mesure comptable des marges opĂ©rationnelles et la reconnaissance des immatĂ©riels dont l’évaluation, en rĂ©fĂ©rentiel IFRS, est plus orientĂ©e vers les marchĂ©s financiers.Abstract: Motivated by the recent works by Lev [2001b ; 2004] and the current debate surrounding the international financial reporting standard n°38 (i.e. IAS 38) adoption related to reported intangible investment issues, this study investigates whether European firms using national generally accounting principles (hereafter, GAAP) exhibit differences while considering the relationship between firm performance and reported intangible investment. Using a four-representative-European-country (i.e. France, Germany, Spain and U.K.) dynamic data panel, we investigate whether intangible accounting numbers in these different settings can be significantly linked, during the period 1993-2003, to the following firm performance triptych: financial, operational and competitive performance. Our findings bring us towards the following three concerns: (1) Firstly, in any stock market under scope, we do find clear evidence that while constructing their investment portfolios investors adopt a short-term perspective or “myopic view” by precluding firms from reporting high intangible investment in their financial statements. (2) Secondly, we do not find any evidence that reported intangible investments regardless the national GAAPs underpin a better competitive position inside a specific market. We conclude that relationship between reported intangibles and the firms’ competitive advantage (or disadvantage) should not be held constant in future research designs. (3) Finally, our results clearly support the idea that Latin accounting frameworks, while opposed to Anglo-Saxon settings, ease the relationship recognition occurring between intangibles and the firm operational performance. This last result would suggest that IAS implementation could lead to disconnect progressively operational margins from reported intangibles as their valuations are, under IFRS, overall market-oriented.Capital immatĂ©riel; UtilitĂ© de l’information comptable; Value-relevance; Performance.; Intangible investments; Accounting numbers; Informativeness; Usefulness; Relevance;

    Contribution à l'étude de la qualité de l'audit : une approche fondée sur le management des équipes et le comportement des auditeurs

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    This study develops and empirically tests an explanatory model in order to study the dysfunctional behaviors of financial auditors in France. it proposes extending the scope of the determinants in a relational and managerial perspective. To this end, this research mobilizes mainly Leader-ember Exchange theory (LMX), but also the role modeling and the assessment style of auditors performance. The results show that the three dimensions of Leader Member-Exchange (LMX), namely affection, loyalty and contribution have a negative and significant impact on the adaptivebehaviors (respectively unprofessional behaviors : CNP, mismanagement of the audit team : MGEand Quality-Threatening Behavior : QTB). Also, results highlight under the effect of mimetic, managerial behaviors adopted by a superior have been shown to reduce the MGE, but also QTB and CNP. In addition, it was revealed that a favorable perception of organizational support and anevaluation focused on social criteria result in less QTB and MGE respectively.Cette étude développe et teste empiriquement un modÚle explicatif des comportements dysfonctionnels des auditeurs financiers en France. Elle propose d'étendre le périmÚtre des déterminants sous un angle relationnel et managérial. A cette fin, cette recherche mobilise principalement l'approche de la relation supérieur - subordonné (LMX), mais aussi le "role modeling" et le style d'évaluation de la performance des auditeurs
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